The Growth Potential of Triticale in Western Canada: Report Summary

March, 2001 - Report commissioned by Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development
Recommendations from a report that outlines the characteristics and potential of triticale as a crop in W. Canada, and identifies the barriers to reaching this potential.

Keith G. Briggs, Ph.D., P.Ag.
GrainTek, 10903 - 35 Ave.
Edmonton, AB T6J 2V2
Phone/Fax (780) 434-4472

Scope and Purpose of the Study, and Organization of the Report

The scope of this report is described in the agreement between GrainTek and the Alberta Government, where GrainTek agreed to conduct a review to be completed no later than March 31, 2001. The Appendix of that agreement describes the scope as follows:

'The growth potential of triticale in Western Canada'

'Triticale, after nearly 30 years of research, is beginning to find a place in western Canada cropping practices. This crop has potential as forage, feed grain, alcohol production and food uses. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Field Crop Development Centre in Lacombe has been a leader in the development of both winter and spring types of triticale and have partnered with Progressive Seeds Ltd. to market their varieties and to develop market opportunities for triticale. Over the last three years they have concentrated upon the forage potential of the crop. The acreage of triticale sown for all uses has gone from a few thousand acres to an estimated 100,000 acres in the last 3 to 4 years. In order for this growth to continue we must identify the potential for this crop and the existing barriers to reaching this potential. Some of these barriers will be educational in nature but many will be due to the lack of quantifiable research information on the production and utilization of the crop.

... (Therefore)... .a comprehensive report will be prepared that will outline the potential for triticale as a crop in western Canada, and that will identify the barriers to reaching this potential. ...(It is expected that)... a set of recommendations will be developed that will guide the department's and it's partners in the realization of this crop's potential'.

Although the focus of this review is on the potential in western Canada, the scope accepted is wider than that, and also includes the international situation for triticale development. Many countries have larger acreage and more diversified market uses than found in Canada (Table 1), and the experience in these markets and in the international breeding and use of triticale is also briefly reviewed in the context of the project objectives. Production statistics for Canadian triticale production are presented following Table 1, but are likely underestimated because of unreported use as forage acreage (data sourced from Statistics Canada, February, 2001).

This report, although much involved with review of triticale performance in Canada and its potential, does not attempt to provide an exhaustive compilation of literature about the crop. This is available in some cases from other existing sources, but in most cases the literature related to Canadian conditions remains to be fully compiled. Key references are included in the report, as they relate to obstacles that may or may not hinder further expansion of the triticale crop in W. Canada.

The structure of the review and report is based on the following general format.

1. A detailed description is presented of the genetic basis (past, current and future) from which improved triticale varieties of the future will be derived. This section also emphasizes the strengths and weaknesses of existing Canadian varieties for various end-uses, and describes breeding priorities and advances that would be desirable
2. Canadian experience with triticale is described, drawing on inputs from seed-growers, feed formulators, researchers, producers and other end-users. Special meetings, interviews, telephone surveys and mail-out surveys were conducted for this purpose.
3. For selected applications / end-uses additional review was conducted of Canadian based research (and other related sources), for feed use, forage use, food use and industrial use, and appropriate literature was cited. In most cases this also served to highlight the limited degree of local adaptation / end-use work conducted in W. Canada with the new, improved Canadian varieties.
4. Each section presents a summary assessment of where the limitations to the specific triticale use occur, and proposes recommendations that could assist with the expansion of triticale crop adoption and use in W. Canada.
5. The conclusion is reached that, given proper action on the various recommendations, triticale acreage in W. Canada has the potential to double by 2004 and triple by 2007, with most of the acreage gain related to silage use, which could reach 25% of all W. Canadian silage by that date.

1. Seek low phytate grain types, to reduce phosphate loading from manure application.
2. Examine feasibility of hybrid production, to raise grain and forage yields. The CHA approach is recommended, rather than the CMS approach.
3. Examine biological feasibility of a smaller grained type, to reduce seeding costs, if this can be achieved without losing yield potential.
4. AAFRD to conduct an internal review to evaluate the relative potential value of the spring vs winter breeding programs, and reassign breeding resources accordingly.
5. AAFRD to provide development plans / justification for the targeted high gluten triticale type for human food use.
6. Collaborative research to be conducted with poultry researchers, to determine if any anti-nutritional compounds exist that can be selected against.
7. Increase the effort on a strong- straw semi-dwarf spring type for grain.
8. To support the breeding work technically, determine the chromosomal constitution of all registered Canadian varieties, and elite materials.
9. No special breeding is needed yet for special value-added grain component traits, or for a possible ethanol fuel market, until further value-added research is completed on triticale, as there is already significant variability amongst triticale varieties.
10. The most important recommendation is for the continuation of both breeding programs, which were evaluated as generally having strategically sound breeding goals and objectives, activities and good productivity, complementary between the two organizations. The special AAFRD emphasis on forage varieties should continue.

1. W. Canadian 'on-farm' triticale feeding studies to be conducted throughout the W. prairies, as 'on-farm' demonstration studies, to reconfirm the high feed energy potential and savings in protein meal that can be obtained from this grain, and to determine a base price as feed.
2. Informational workshops to be held prairie-wide, targeting feeders and feed formulators, who do not much consider triticale as a ration at this time.
3. Carry out basic research studies with triticale, to study (a) ration combinations that optimise the grain value, (b) rations using canola meal rather than soy meal, (c) if trypsin or chymotrypsin are really problems in swine diets, and (d) low phytate varieties if / when they become available.
4. Economic studies of triticale use compared to other available feedgrains are needed, to establish an appropriate floor price for this grain.
5. An extensive proximate analysis data base of W. Canadian triticale samples is needed, for feed parameters important to swine feeding, with more data and reliability than is now available. Information about genetic vs environmental effects on these values is needed.

1. Build a proximate analysis, feed parameter database for poultry needs, using samples from all of W. Canada, for use in more reliable feed formulation.
2. Establish a network of 'grower-processor-feeder' operators for broiler production, who could conduct a series of on-site studies to establish the best way to use triticale for feed, and to identify constraints. This network would study varietal differences, custom rations, enzyme supplementation, formulations, and feed processing aspects, too costly to study in large scale plants. This would be a coordinated W. Canadian project, with results used in localized, prairie-wide extension settings.
3. Following identification of any constraints resulting from item 2, detailed research about these would be carried out at the three major W. Canadian poultry research centers, on a project by project basis.

1. A technical level survey of feedlots using triticale grain should be conducted, to learn their method of use and to assess their success and or problems using it, and returns.
2. Extension materials should be developed, to publicize the value of triticale as a substitute for barley in ruminant feed rations, and how to use it.
3. A basic research study should be conducted (low priority) to determine the extent, if any, of varietal differences in feed value for feedlot cattle. Differences would be expected to be small in this feeding situation. Any such studies should carry through to study of weight gain, and also include carcass and meat quality determinations.

1. Conduct an extensive W. Canadian survey of existing growers and users of triticale forage, to determine and document the range of W. Canadian applications and experience in processing and feeding, and a measure of the results obtained on animal productivity. The primary focus of the survey should be on silage use for feedlot applications, where the largest potential use likely lies.
2. New technology transfer chapters should be written about triticale forage use, based on local Canadian results as far as possible, for use in publications and on the web. Current materials are either very insufficient or badly out of date.
3. Several new research projects should be initiated to determine (a) optimal harvest dates for silage production, balancing yield and quality, and (b) to find the best ways to cut and process triticale silage to minimize any acceptability and intake problems, as reported to occur. These studies should build on the findings from the recently completed AARI field project, and should especially focus on the tough straw problem, and studies of the effects of harvest time, chop length etc., forage fiber properties, forage intake, and energy conversion in particular.
4. AAFRD should continue its agronomic trials to expand and refine the methods by which triticale can be used (a) to extend the forage season and to provide high quality forage early in the season, (b) as a crop for highly manured lands, to remediate excessive nutrient loading and run-off problems, and (c) as a low input crop and rotational break crop in sustainable mixed farming systems when grown alone or in mixtures, including effects on weed dynamics and weed seed banks.
5. Results from recently completed (or ongoing) AARI triticale projects, or AAFRD or AAFC triticale forage research projects, should be summarized and posted on a Triticale website as results become available. There needs to be a sense of urgency about the importance of this new information as it is obtained, for immediate application to an increasing triticale acreage.
6. The major users of silage should be identified, and information packages should be sent to them directly, comparing performance of triticale silage with barley silage, or other silage they use. If crop displacement towards triticale is going to happen, it will require targeted technology transfer activities, events, and materials, printed or electronic, to gain attention of potential users. 'Lead adoptees' of triticale should be used as speakers at extension functions on the topic, backed up by researchers with their newest local data, and the results from the user survey. The timing now is excellent to target this approach, when so many animal producers are having difficulty handling their manure problems, and forage and feed is in great demand.
7. The cattle and dairy industry should be lobbied to gain support for a Chair in Forage Harvesting and Processing Systems at the University of Alberta, that could work on numerous crops and applications, but that would have a primary focus on silage technology for Alberta and W. Canada. The position should also be tied in with the proposed new 'Feeds Institute'.
8. Results from prior AARI 'On-farm triticale forage demos' do not appear to be available readily for examination or review. Progressive Seeds has also completed an AARI Matching Grants project examining triticale use on heavily manured land. Results from these studies should be reported immediately on the triticale website. It should be suggested to AARI that all annual and final reports to them by recipients of grants for triticale research and development be required to submit web ready material for placing immediately on the Triticale homepage (to be established), as received. This would provide immediate and easy access to the newest research findings. Results from only partially complete research projects would also need to be included, with the necessary caveats about the work and findings being preliminary and subject to confirmation.

1. The literature indicates a high level of suitability of triticale for a large number of uses outside the bread market, but these have not been confirmed with Canadian varieties. Research is therefore needed to examine their suitability for a wide range of potential flour-based products, in studies which also include taste panels, consumer preference trials and assessment, and discovery of true market potential. Such research can readily be done at the University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science. If suitable specialty products can be determined (such as high fibre bars etc.) the potential for processed product export to the US market must also be investigated. A major impediment to development of this area now is the absence of a local triticale miller, and absence of a variety specific, IP-based, grain supply stream in W. Canada. Also, the influence of locational and yearly variability on grain flour quality for such a market must be determined through basic research.
2. The potential for value-added activity through fractionation and isolation of specific grain components from triticale grain, both for food and nutraceutical application, needs to be determined. Almost no information is available about these properties in new triticale Canadian varieties. The current triticale network proposal to AARI to conduct this work should be supported, as this basic research work is needed before any future market potential can be assessed.

1. Full rheological testing of flour samples of the newest Canadian triticale varieties grown at varied locations, to establish a reference quality database for the crop.
2. Milling trials to determine milling yields, extraction rates and other milling parameters.
3. Proximate analysis of samples, including determination of amino acid profiles, starch characteristics, mineral and vitamin content, in work cross-referenced with other projects establishing a feed quality data-base. d. Analysis of, and determination of the extent of the 'sticky dough' problem in Canadian varieties. How big a problem is this in Canadian varieties?
4. Studies with locally grown grain, to determine if there is a special advantage of triticale to replace wheat use in very high fibre snack bars This work could be conducted in the lab of Dr. Buncha Ooraikal (AFNS, University of Alberta), in collaboration with local snack bar producers. This would be an excellent, low cost, project for the senior undergraduate course in food product development at the University.

1. Conduct a plant scale run (or several with different varieties) at API using triticale, to determine the processing parameters, productivity and economics when substituting triticale for CPS wheat. The cost of this project should include project insurance for downtime, clean-outs or other losses that could occur because of the project. Dialogue should be immediately opened between the Alberta Government, plus others as appropriate, and API, to determine the enablement of this pilot run. It is strongly recommended that a seed increase large enough for a plant scale trial be grown in the 2001 cropping season.
2. In the gluten market, triticale does seem to have more negative aspects than positive at this time. These problems require localized research on local product, of the following kinds:
3. Laboratory based research to compare the functional, rheological properties of vital triticale gluten with that of vital wheat gluten, compared to local CPS and CWRS wheat varieties. Will it compete with or could it replace wheat gluten, or can it develop its own niche market if it has unique and valuable properties? Both scenarios seem unlikely, but without local research this conclusion cannot be confirmed.
4. Plant scale run(s) to determine if the perceived but as yet unmeasured 'dough stickiness' problem for triticale in processing really is a problem for modern Canadian varieties, in a plant such as that at API.
5. Market analysis is needed to determine if extracted triticale gluten would be an acceptable product in the primary markets that now use wheat gluten, blended or otherwise. Can triticale gluten be satisfactorily blended with wheat gluten without detriment?
6. If gluten / protein co-product from ethanol extraction with triticale is unsuitable for a gluten market, what are the nutritional and economical prospects for diverting this product into the feed processing stream?
7. Detailed milling, rheological and product processing tests have not yet been done that compare Canadian CPS wheats and new Canadian triticales for market properties. Confirmation of the suitability of triticale flour for the current markets for API bakery flour, for example, would require the following research (Items 6-9):
8. Laboratory level analysis of CPS and triticale varieties grown at common sites in W. Canada, for protein content, milling, baking and rheological properties, and for use in specialty food products, this being work that has been completed in other parts of the world, with favorable results. These traits are not evaluated in the Canadian variety registration process, so data on them are rarely available. Samples from at least two years of production should be tested, drawn from a range of eco-agricultural production zones in W. Canada.
9. Data should be collected from a full-scale pilot run of triticale grain through the API or equivalent milling plant, followed by a baking test run of the flour product suitability for the very large hamburger bun market, in particular. Special attention should be paid to determining whether the 'stickiness' problem is real or not in this market application.
10. Economic and market acceptance studies of triticale flour for baked products of various kinds, including taste panel assessments, for which the University of Alberta research facilities and others in the province are well equipped. This work should especially emphasize the effect of the 'nutty' flavor of triticale reported in similar studies in other parts of the world. Characterization and isolation of the 'nutty flavor' component itself in triticale, if achievable, could form the basis of a new flavor choice for many food products.
11. Product development research to determine the possibility of marketing novel baked goods or other novel or ethnic foods that, again, exploit the 'nutty' flavor of triticale, separate from the wheat flour market.
12. A review (if not already completed) of agronomic performance of triticale for grain compared to CPS wheat in the Parkland zone (within the 80 mile radius from Red Deer, for example), to determine comparative yield potential, production risk, expected grade patterns, protein levels and potential economic return for grain producers.

1. It is believed that data already exist to support the application for minor registration for a number of herbicides of interest to triticale growers. Progressive Seeds Ltd. or similar organizations can solve this problem by immediately making such applications where data are already available. In other cases further research studies of herbicide use should be continued to obtain the necessary data-base. AAFRD should review which herbicides are now available, in the context of wishing to provide the capacity to also rotate herbicide classes within the triticale crop.

1. To reduce the cost of pedigreed seed, particularly for high seed-rate applications, it is recommended that the effects of eliminating the royalty on sales of publicly bred varieties be considered. If this approach were proven workable, the loss of royalty revenue should be absorbed by the public agencies (AAFRD and AAFC) as a cost of completing their research investment in this crop. If royalty earnings are continued, it is recommended that for a two year duration all AAFC and AAFRD royalties from triticale be used only for supporting extension efforts with this crop.
2. At the request of Progressive Seeds Ltd., consideration should be given to levying royalties where triticale seed is cleaned, rather than at the point of seed sale, to increase the volume on which the levy is raised, and to lower the margin between bin-run seed and pedigreed seed. Such a change would likely require legislative changes as they affect seed cleaning facilities. It is recommended that triticale be examined as a crop on which to test this approach, which could also be applied to other grains. Marketers of current varieties, and private and public seed cleaners, should meet to discuss this proposal.

1. A production and utilization manual should be prepared for triticale, similar in scope and content to the Canola Grower's Manual. It should be available in the public domain in printed and electronic form, the latter at a Triticale Homesite, to be established within the Ropin' the Web address, linked to the Progressive Seeds Ltd. website and other relevant websites.
   1. There is a need for a high content website that contains detailed information about Triticale. This can best be done at the Alberta Government Ropin' the Web site (which turns up very often when 'triticale' web searches are done) and it should also be linked to the Progressive Seeds Ltd. site, and the Infoharvest based www.seed.ab.ca site, which both handle seed related matters. There should be a role for PSL and/or other collaborating organizations to further develop this information using financial assistance in the short term from Alberta government sources. PSL wishes to develop a comprehensive seed + management promotion package, to assist in its role for promoting this crop, and it is advantageous for a private sector group to take on this additional role under current conditions. A comprehensive public sector electronic information site about triticale could also serve as a model for other grain crops, illustrating a new and effective way to achieve information transfer and information access very quickly in crops. The triticale crop potential in W.Canada is under-realized because possible users do not know enough about it. 'Run-on' publicity about triticale can also be achieved by widely publicizing this expanded 'e-information' approach for crops, that will be used to make agricultural information more widely available. Such a site could also include feed mixture model calculators, for individual farmers to use on-line, for example, and have links to feed grain quality tables, to animal, forage and grain commodity sites, and to Winter Cereals Canada.
2. The primary focus on extension (producer meetings, more travelling workshops, etc.) should be on use for forage where the special advantages of triticale are already known, and on swine feed where advantage is just starting to be recognized in W. Canada. These two areas alone offer a prospect for at least doubling triticale acreage within three years, if responsible and effective technology information transfer can be achieved.
3. Alberta forage extension literature needs to have information about triticale presented within it. If these forage publications will not be reprinted soon, then this information should be assembled and made accessible in a special triticale publication. Information about triticale forage potential and use is very sparse in extension materials.
4. Triticale should be the subject of a 2 day professional update workshop for Alberta grain and forage specialists (1 day on grain, 1 day on forage, each including feed considerations). This is necessary to bring a focus onto triticale potential and to increase staff knowledge on the topic. Provincial staff from Saskatchewan and Manitoba should also be invited to this workshop, to gain a prairie wide re-focus on the crop. Technical presentations by Canada-wide experts can be captured for use in the Triticale Homesite and the Triticale Manual.
5. There is little capacity for the private sector to absorb the costs of this technology transfer program, because of the small size of the crop at this time, and the special shortage of private sector funds for promoting forage crops. It is recommended that AAFC and AAFRD should be the primary funders for this renewed triticale extension initiative, which logically completes the process started by their investment in the breeding programs.
6. In the case of triticale for feed use of all kinds, a special workshop should be developed focused on the feed attributes of triticale in all classes of feed use. Feed formulators (and private feedlot operators) should be the primary target audience, but the workshop must focus on how triticale can be used in rations. Different parts of the workshop would focus on the different animal classes. Presentations would be by feed nutrition experts (national and international) who have research experience with triticale, and their presentations would also be entered into the Triticale Manual and the website. The main purpose of this workshop is to gain the attention of feed manufacturers and formulators who currently generally ignore triticale as a potential ingredient in their rations, and also indicate generally low interest in triticale. If they were to express more interest in using this crop, there could potentially be a very rapid acreage response.
7. Support establishment of a triticale 'Users Group and Chatline' linked to the triticale web-site, where triticale growers and suppliers can share information and experiences about the crop. This should probably be managed in the private sector, and could be an extension of activities in this area already started by Progressive Seeds Ltd.. The site should be button linked to all other significant feed, forage and triticale sites in W. Canada. PSL has expressed interest to this author about its desire to take on a more active role for future agronomic extension about triticale, currently assigned to the Alberta government. This would be readily achievable, based on the publicly available information that would become available on the various linked web-sites, as suggested above. It is recommended that AAFRD support the assignment of a 'web-content / systems' summer student to assemble the 'Canadian Triticale HomePage' during the summer of 2001, to solve many of the access to information shortfalls described in the report, and that a summer student grant also be made to their PSL marketing partner for similar work on their website, to complement the information to be put up on the AAFRD site.
8. Consistent with the Triticale Research Network Group proposal recently submitted to AARI, the network group should meet immediately and determine extension and research programs and budgets as now needed, combined with a determination of the best approach to disseminating information to growers, grain users and feeders in the most effective manner. A single W. Canadian approach to the needs is required, involving all interested parties. To accommodate development of potentially multiple and new crop uses prairie-wide, additional members to the network should be considered as needed. It is recommended that AAFRD and AAFC jointly fund prairie-wide extension activities for this crop at this time.
9. In view of the novel use of triticale as a breaker of disease cycles in crop rotations, as a novel source of high quality, high yielding silage and forage, and because of other potential uses (industrial, nutraceuticals etc), it is strongly argued that triticale be considered as one of the crops that would be eligible for new and additional funding through the Alberta New Crop Development Fund, starting in 2001. If the necessary continuing research is not done by Alberta with its partners, useful sustainable agricultural and environmental benefits from this crop will not be available to Alberta producers.
10. Very useful and extensive agronomic research about triticale production and use is ongoing in AAFRD both at Lacombe and at Edmonton. Both groups were very useful sources to this reviewer, and farmer oriented extension activities by the Edmonton group about triticale have been very extensive during the 2000/2001 winter. What is less obvious to the author is the extent to which the extension and research activities of the two groups are internally coordinated, or priorities jointly set for the crop. In addition, research linkages to feed quality research and the feed industry sector appear so far to have been limited to a project basis, rather than to any long-term coordinated industry/government planning approach to the needs for triticale feed research. AAFRD is encouraged to hold a working session to evaluate these internal organizational issues within the context of the many other recommendations made in this report. It should also determine the optimum joint operational mode with other partners, that will best use joint research and development resources for the maximum benefit of this crop.
11. With the exception of specific recommendations that are not intended for wide release, the author of this report recommends that information in the report which is already in the public domain be made available in an edited form in printed or web media format for the general public, to gain the widest benefit from this review process. All respondents in this review have expressed a wish to have access to the contents of this report, although at the time of submission it will still be confidential to the Government. Such interest also underlines the industry demand for any new information about triticale and its potential in W. Canada.

1. Most persons contacted indicated a poor confidence level in the reported acreage provided by Statistics Canada, in many cases suggesting that the current acreage may be as much as 50% under-reported. Manitoba figures in particular appear very 'rounded'.
2. Reasons for under-reporting include high use for forage, and a known but unquantifiable amount of 'brown-bag' acreage and seed market. Many (including the author) were surprised and skeptical that the acreage leveled off or dropped in 2000, and attribute the perceived discrepancy to those factors.
3. Other factors that could combine to limit achievement of the future acreage goals set out include:
   1. Inability to displace other annual crop acreage (silage and other) that offer better returns.
   2. nsufficiency of suitable land base for triticale forage expansion, close to feedlots, especially in S. Alberta
   3. Emergence of other competitive silages (eg. forage barley varieties).
   4. Slow or limited development of a triticale grain supply stream, matched with a ready supply of alternate grains for protein feed, such as peas etc.
   5. Ergot occurrence in triticale feed grain, as a real or perceived problem.

Country	1986	1991-1992	1995	1997-1998	1997/98 Type		2000
Algeria	-	10,000	-	10,000	1,2	S	-
Argentina	10,000	16,000	-	-	1	S	-
Australia	160,000	100,000	221,097	245,000	1,2	S	286,000
Austria	1,000	2,000	19,279	-	1	W	27,500
Belarus	-	-	38,000	73,200	2,3	W	65,000
Belgium (+ Luxembourg 1995,2000)	5,000	10,000	12,300	9,000	1,2	S	11,600
Brazil	5,000	90,000	-	100,000	1	S	-
Bulgaria	10,000	100,000	-	5,000	2W	-
Canada	6,500	2,000	-	34,000	2,1	S,W	63,842
Chile	5,000	10,000	-	-	1	S	-
China, NE/Heilongjiang (*All China)	25,000	1,500	690,000*	41,000	1,2	S,W	700,000
Fed. Republic of Czechoslovakia	-	25,000	16,219	-	1	-	37,168
France	300,000	162,000	183,500	165,000	1,2	S,W	233,000
Germany	30,000	207,000	288,600	436,000	1,2	W	499,499
Hungary	5,000	5,000	64,000	-	-	W	91,000
India	500	-	-	-	-	S	-
Italy	15,000	30,000	-	-	-	S	-
Kenya	-	8,000	-	-	-	S	-
Latvia	-	-	2,700	2,000	2,3,4	W	6,400
Lithuania	-	-	22,500	-	-	-	32,000
Luxembourg	400	2,000	-	-	-	W	-
Mexico	8,000	3,000	-	6,000	1,2	S	144(?)
Morocco	-	10,000	-	17,000	3,1		-
Netherlands	1,000	4,000	2,600	-	-	W	6,600
New Zealand	-	2,000	-	-	-	S,W	-
Poland	100,000	659,300	616,443	736,000	1,2	W	600,000
Portugal	7,000	90,000	44,126	48,000	3,4	S	26,000
Romania	-	20,000	-	25,000	2	-	-
Slovakia	-	-	7,683	-	-	-	8,700
South Africa	15,000	95,000	-	60,000	1,2	S,W	-
Former USSR	250,000	500,000	-	500,000	1,2	W	-
Spain	30,000	80,000	-	34,000	3	S	-
Sweden	-	1,000	-	-	-	-	-
Switzerland	5,000	11,000	5,350	-	-	W	9,000
Tanzania	400	-	-	-	-	S	-
Tunisia	5,000	16,000	-	-	-	S	-
UK	16,000	16,000	7,000	6,000	1,2	W	9,000
Uruguay	-	-	-	4,000	1,2	-	-
USA	60,000	180,000	-	350,000	2,1	S,W	-
Total	1,075,800	2,467,800	N/A	2,906,200			N/A
- = No data; 1= Feed; 2=Fodder; 3=Food; 4=Industrial; S =Spring type; W = Winter

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