Economic Thresholds for Insects Attacking Oilseeds

 
 
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 Alfalfa looper | Aphids | Aster leafhopper | Bertha armyworm | Cabbage seedpod weevil | Cutworms | Diamondback moth | Flea beetles | Lygus bugs | Painted lady | Sunflower beetle | Sunflower maggots | Sunflower midge | Red and grey sunflower seed weevils

Many economic thresholds for insects attacking oilseed crops currently in use are nominal (i.e. unsupported by research). Some economic thresholds have been developed for major pests attacking crops in Western Canada.

The following data have been compiled from various sources, including the guidelines published by the Western Committee on Crop Pests, and indicate the economic threshold recommendations being made.

Alfalfa Looper

CropThresholdNotes
CanolaNo economic threshold has been established in canola, but check threshold levels for the Bertha armyworm as a guideline. 1Damage occurs through defoliation and clipping of flowers and immature seed pods.

More than 15 larvae per square metre combined with heavy defoliation or flower and pod clipping may warrant control. 2

Aphids
CropThresholdNotes
FlaxFor potato aphid in flax, economic threshold is 3 aphids/stem at full flowering and 8 aphids/stem at the green boll stage in flax. 3

The yield loss of flax is 0.021 t/ha per aphid per plant for crops sampled at full bloom and 0.008 t/ha per aphid per plant for crops sampled at the green boll stage.		Potato aphid can cause yield losses of 20 % or more in flax when it reaches densities of 50 or more aphids per plant, but will reduce the weight of individual seeds only slightly and has no effect on oil quality. 3
CanolaControl in canola if densities exceed 25 aphids/10 cm shoot tip after flowering where aphids are found in clusters at the end of shoots. 4To estimate aphid densities, randomly collect a minimum of 20 shoot tips.

Aster Leafhopper
CropThresholdNotes
CanolaNo economic threshold established.

Assuming 1 infected plant may produce 30 to 70 % misshapen seeds, producers may expect 0.3 to 0.7 % yield loss for every 1 % incidence of aster yellows in the field. 20		The aster leafhopper is the main vector of the phytoplasma that causes aster yellows, which can infect many crops including canola, flax and sunflowers. 1

Bertha Armyworm
CropThresholdNotes
CanolaA loss in canola of 0.058 bu/acre for each larvae/m2 can be expected. 5

Under drought conditions, where bertha armyworm feeding is concentrated on canola pods by early leaf drop, economic thresholds may be lower than indicated. Dividing the economic thresholds by 1.48 may give more appropriate economic thresholds under drought conditions. 5		Thresholds apply to both Argentine and Polish-type canola and not to mustards, which are higher because they are a less preferred host 6 and have a greater ability to compensate for feeding damage. 7

Once bertha armyworm numbers are at or over the economic threshold, spray as soon as they start feeding on pods. 8

The economic threshold for bertha armyworm varies with the cost of the insecticide, the method of application and the crop’s value. Using crop values and application costs, the Table 1 indicates the (larval density larvae/m2) at which an insecticide treatment in canola would be warranted. 1


Table 1. Economic threshold for bertha armyworm larvae
Expected seed value ($/bushel)
Spraying cost ($/acre)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Number of larvae per square metre
7
20
17
15
13
12
11
10
9
9
8
8
8
23
20
17
15
14
13
11
11
10
9
9
9
26
22
19
17
16
14
13
12
11
10
10
10
29
25
22
19
17
16
14
13
12
11
11
11
32
27
24
21
19
17
16
15
14
13
12
12
34
30
26
23
21
19
17
16
15
14
13
13
37
32
28
25
22
20
19
17
16
15
14
14
40
35
31
27
24
22
20
19
17
16
15
15
43
37
32
29
26
23
22
20
19
17
16

For example, the economic threshold would be reached and spraying could provide an economic return if larval counts were more than 19 per square metre (highlighted in the above table) given a crop price of $353/t ($8.00/bu) and a spray cost of $22/ha ($9.00/ac).

Cabbage Seedpod Weevil

Crop
Threshold
Notes

Canola and mustard
Control is required at densities of 3 to 4 adult weevils per one 180° sweep net sample at 10 to 20 % flowering. 9
Apply by air or ground when crops are in 10 to 20 % flowering stage to prevent egg laying into newly formed pods. 9, 10, the stage when 70 % of plants in the field have at least 3 to 10 open flowers.

Cutworms
SpeciesThresholdsNotes
Army cutwormSeedling mustard - less than 5/m2. (11)
Pale western cutworm or Redbacked cutwormFlax: Apply an insecticide if densities exceed 4 - 5 larvae/mē. 12
Canola: No thresholds established, but use flax as guideline. Sunflowers: 1 larva per square foot 30 by 30 cm or 25 to
30% stand reduction. 19		Apply an insecticide if densities exceed 10/mē in sunflowers. 13

Diamondback Moth
CropThresholdNotes
CanolaA nominal threshold of 25 to 33% defoliation, with larvae still present on plants, can be applied for canola at seedling stage. 14

The nominal threshold when control is required in canola is if larvae exceed 100 - 150/mē 1 to 2 larvae/plant in immature to flowering plants and 200 - 300/m2 2 - 3 larvae/plant in plants with flowers and pods. 15		Threshold at all crop stages may be lower for Polish-type canolas than for Argentine-type canolas 16 and higher for mustard. 14

Flea Beetles
CropThresholdNotes
Mustard & CanolaTreatment is recommended when flea beetles are present and 25% or more of the cotyledon’s surface area has been injured.Foliar insecticide provides an economic benefit when damage reaches 50%, but feeding can reach this stage fairly quickly when flea beetle numbers are high and damage is already 25%. Spray only if flea beetles are still actively feeding. 8

Lygus Bugs
CropThresholdNotes
CanolaThresholds are based on the number of lygus bugs sampled per 10 net sweeps. 17

Canola should be sampled as flowering ends (stage 4.4), particularly if precipitation is low. If densities are near but less than the threshold at stage 4.4, canola should be
re-sampled at stage 5.1 (when seeds in the lower pods are full size, translucent). If densities are sufficiently high, control is still warranted at stage 5.2 (seeds in lower pods green).

At crop stages before the end of flowering, feeding by lygus bugs on canola does not generally result in economic damage.		Lygus bug densities should be determined from a minimum of 15 samples of 10 sweeps or 10 samples of 20 sweeps per
field. 18

Table 2. Economic thresholds
Economic thresholds at the end of flowering in canola are calculated based on an assumed loss of 0.1235 bu/acre for each lygus bug per 10 sweeps. 17
Application cost
            End of flowering (canola crop stages 4.4 - 5.1)1
$/ha
$/ac
Economic injury level
22
8.00
11
8
7
5
5
4
25
10.00
13
10
8
7
6
5
27
12.00
16
12
10
8
7
6
30
14.00
19
14
11
9
8
7
32
16.00
22
16
13
11
9
8
35
18.00
24
18
15
12
10
9
Canola price ($/bu)
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
Economic thresholds at pod ripening in canola are calculated based on an assumed loss of 0.0882 bu/acre for each lygus bug per 10 sweeps. 17
Application cost
              Pod ripening (canola crop stage 5.2)1
$ / ha
$/ ac
Economic injury level
22
8.00
15
12
9
8
7
6
25
10.00
19
14
11
10
8
7
27
12.00
23
17
14
11
10
9
30
14.00
27
20
16
13
11
10
32
16.00
30
23
18
15
13
11
35
18.00
34
26
20
17
15
13
Canola price ($/bu)
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
1 Crop stages of Harper and Berkencamp (1975):
  • 4.4 is flowering complete, seeds enlarging in lower pods
  • 5.1 is when seeds in the lower pods are full size, translucent
  • 5.2 is when seeds in the lower pods are green
CropThresholdNotes
Confectionary sunflowerOne adult lygus bug per 9 heads can result in economic loss through the reduction of seed quality. 19

Lygus bug management should be initiated between the R4 to R5.1 stage if adult densities reach the economic injury level.

Processors discount the finished product with only 0.5% damage. 19		Research in North Dakota shows approximately 36 seeds are damaged by each adult lygus bug 19. Therefore, 0.5 % damage on heads with 800 seeds would occur with feeding on only 4 seeds per head. Damage to sunflower heads was approximately twice as severe when infestations occurred at growth stages R4 and R5 compared with stages R6 and R7.
Oilseed sunflowersNo control needed in oilseed sunflowers.
.
Painted Lady
CropThresholdNotes
Sunflower25 % defoliation provided that most of the larvae are still less than 32 mm (1.25 in.) in length. If most larvae are larger, then most of the feeding damage will have already occurred and treatment is not advised. 19Insecticide use has not been warranted for control of painted lady larvae in sunflower.

Sunflower Beetle
CropThresholdNotes
SunflowerControl required with 1 - 2 adults/seedling or 10 - 15
larvae/plant. 19

Count larvae in the plant tops where they rest during the day. Sample a minimum of 20 plants to estimate larval densities.		Severe leaf damage may occur to plants in the 2- to 6-leaf stage when adults are numerous and on growing plants throughout the season when larvae are numerous.

Sunflower Maggots
CropThresholdNotes
SunflowerNone established.Larvae burrow inside the stem and can reach densities high enough to cause stem breakage to individual plants. Yield losses have not been found to be high enough to warrant chemical control. 1

Sunflower Midge
CropThresholdNotes
SunflowerEconomic damage may be severe but is often sporadic and localized. 19Losses are more severe around field edges. Losses can be estimated by sampling heads and classifying them on the basis of the degree of head distortion. 20

Red and Grey Sunflower Seed Weevils
CropThresholdNotes
Oil sunflower5 to 8 seed weevil adults/head. 19

Economic Threshold = Cost of Insecticide Treatment (Market Price x 21.5) (0.000022 x Plant Population + 0.18)		Optimal Treatment Timing: at least 3 out of 10 plants in the field are at early bloom (R5.1 to R5.4) and the ET has been reached. If spray application is delayed past the time when more than 4 out of 10 plants are at stage R5.4, many eggs already will be laid in the developing seeds, and those eggs and larvae cannot be controlled. If fields are sprayed too early, re-infestation may occur in areas with a high weevil population. 19
Confectionary sunflower1 seed weevil adults/head. 19

Numbered references from tables:
  1. Gavloski, J. Insect Management in Oilseed Crops and Grain Crops. Western Committee on Crop Pests Guide to Integrated Control of Insect Pests of Crops. (2013 unpublished).
  2. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. 2011, Alfalfa Looper.
  3. Wise, I. L., Lamb, R. J., and Kenaschuk, E. O. 1995. Effects of the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on oilseed flax, and stage-specific thresholds for control. The Canadian Entomologist. 127(2): 213-224.
  4. Sekon and Bakhetia, GCIRC Int. Rapeseed Congress 1991.
  5. Bracken, G. K. and Bucher, G. E. 1977. An estimate of the relation between density of Bertha armyworm and yield loss on rapeseed, based on artificial infestations. Journal of Economic Entomology. 70(6): 701-705.
  6. Ulmer et al. 2001. Can. Entomol.133: 509-20.
  7. Gavloski and Lamb. 2000. Env. Entomol. 1258-67.
  8. Canola Council of Canada. 2013. Canola Watch. Thresholds: Insect Management Tools. February 7, 2013 – Issue 2.
  9. Dosdall, 2000 AAFRD Tech. Rep. 98M301, 65 pp.
  10. Dosdall et al. 2001. Alta. Agr. Agdex 622-21, 4 pp.
  11. Jacobsen, J. Econ. Entomol. 1962. 55: 408.
  12. Ayre. 1990. Can. Entomol. 122: 21-28.
  13. NDSU Extension Service #E-1143
  14. Gavloski and Lamb. 2000. Env. Entomol. 1258-67.
  15. Putnam, unpublished, 1976.
  16. Harris, Sask. Agric., Regina, Sask. 1990.
  17. Wise and Lamb. 1998. Can. Entomol. 130: 825-36.
  18. Wise and Lamb. 1998. Can. Entomol. 130: 837-51.
  19. North Dakota State University. 2010. Integrated Pest Management of Sunflower Insect Pests in the Northern Great Plains. E-1457.
  20. Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture. 2012. Aster Yellows Factsheet.
    Factsheet developed by
    Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development

    For more information
    Contact Alberta Ag-Info Centre
    Call toll free 310-FARM (3276)

    Source: Agdex 140/620-1. January 2014.    		  
     
    		 
     
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