.
Introduction

Foreword
The "Native Plant Revegetation Guidelines for Alberta, February 2001" are endorsed for use.

We wish to acknowledge the dedicated work of the Native Plant Working Group members who were instrumental in completing the guidelines. We confirm our continuing support to work with stakeholders to monitor the implementation of the guidelines and to update them as necessary.

The use of native plant materials in Alberta has been increasing steadily. In 1997, two government departments, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD) and Alberta Environment (AENV), responsible for the management of public land in Alberta, decided that it was important to develop a consistent approach for the use of native plant material in revegetation projects. A number of government departments, industry groups and non-government organizations were invited to participate in the development of guidelines. Those that accepted became part of the Native Plant Working Group.

The current active members of this group (in alphabetical order) are:

Native Plant Revegetation Guidelines for Alberta February 2001

Terry Andersen*	Canadian Seed Trade Association
Andy Etmanski	Coal Association of Canada
Elgar Grinde	Alberta Cattle Commission
Rob Kesseler	Land and Forest Service, AENV
Cam Lane	Land and Forest Service, Whitecourt
Jim Lindquist	Public Lands Division, AAFRD, St. Paul
Kerby Lowen	Canadian Seed Trade Association
Laura Morrison	Alberta Energy and Utilities Board
Michelle Pahl	Alberta Research Council
Heather Sinton	(Chairperson) Public Lands Division, AAFRD, Edmonton
Ann Smreciu	Alberta Native Plant Council
Dan Smith*	Public Lands Division, AAFRD, Barrhead
Don Watson	Environmental Service, AENV
* alternate members

The following people had previous involvement with the process, or provided substantial review of the document:

Jeanie Bietz	formerly representing the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association
Lorne Cole	Special Areas Board
Rick Ferster	formerly representing the Coal Association of Canada
Bernd Martens	formerly representing the Coal Association of Canada
Ian Proctor	representing the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
Rob Staniland	alternate representative of CAPP

The following people provided academic review of this document:

Tom Jones	Research Geneticist, USDA, University of Utah
Mark Majerus	Agronomist/Botanist, Plant Materials Centre, Bridger, Montana
Anne Naeth	Assistant Professor, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
Chris Powter	Team Leader, Environmental Sciences Division, Alberta Environment
David Walker	Revegetation Specialist, David Walker and Associates, Calgary, AB
Walter Willms	Range Ecologist, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Lethbridge, AB
Keith Winterhalder	Associate Professor, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario
Scott Wright	Director, Alberta Agriculture Food and Rural Development

Information or hard copies of these guidelines can be obtained from:

Alberta Environment Education and Information Centre
Main Floor, 9820-106 St.
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2J6
Phone: (780) 427-2700 Fax: (780) 422-4086
env.infocent@gov.ab.ca

This report may be cited as:
Native Plant Working Group. 2000. Native Plant Revegetation Guidelines for Alberta.
H. Sinton-Gerling (ed.), Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development and Alberta Environment. Edmonton, Alberta.
Acknowledgements
The Native Plant Working Group acknowledges the assistance of Isabel Simons-Everett and Dina Johnson in preparation of this manuscript. Appreciation is extended for the assistance of David Orey for editing and printing, Brad Lowrie for Figure 1, and Jan Patterson for maps and printing.

Guidelines for the Use of Native Plant Material

Guidelines for the use of native plant material
Re-establishing native plant communities can be very difficult. This document recognizes the importance of avoiding and minimizing disturbance to natural landscapes wherever possible. Strategies used for revegetation of disturbed native landscapes should be ecologically consistent, technologically and economically feasible, and should take social values and the approved end land use into consideration.

Planning native revegetation projects
The goals of pre-development and revegetation planning are:

to ensure that existing native communities are minimally disturbed
to control erosion
to conserve native plant materials through salvage where practical
to use revegetation techniques that re-establish appropriate, functioning native plant communities that meet land use and regulatory objectives
to identify rare and sensitive plants and plant communities and consider strategies for their conservation
to identify and address concerns with existing populations of problem plant species

to have sufficient appropriate materials available

1.	The first priority in achieving successful native plant revegetation is minimum disturbance of native communities. Measures taken to achieve this include: avoidance of particularly sensitive areas, the reduction of the area disturbed, use of special equipment and techniques, and careful timing of construction.
2.	Revegetation with native plants may exceed any approval requirements for the disturbance. Equivalent capability must be met for specified land as defined by the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (Conservation and Reclamation Regulation) and associated reclamation criteria.
3.	The use of native species should be consistent with local and/or regional land use plans/objectives and with existing or surrounding vegetation.
4.	The salvage of existing native plant materials and topsoil is a priority and should be considered in the planning stages prior to disturbance. Examples of materials that can be salvaged and replaced to enhance native revegetation of a disturbed site include:

seeds, cuttings, etc.
native sod
native hay at the seed stage
slash

topsoil (housing microbes and plant propagules)

5.	The use of special techniques may have implications for the construction, operation and reclamation phases of development, therefore these should be carefully assessed on a project by project basis. For example, in some circumstances the use of minimal disturbance techniques for constructing wellsites may affect operational time frames or increase the risk of damage to soils and vegetation from contamination.
6.	The revegetation goals of the project must be clearly understood when deciding what type of native plant materials to use, and how and where to use them. Project goals might include one or several of the following: erosion control, sustainable wildlife or livestock foraging, maintenance or development of wildlife habitat, re-establishment of tree cover, control of invasion of problem plant species, maintenance of biodiversity and aesthetics.
7.	Revegetation site plans should encourage the eventual establishment of native plant communities of the natural subregion consistent with the approved end land use.
8.	Container plants, bare root plants, or other plant materials (e.g., cuttings) are sometimes required for revegetation projects. Production of plants requires varying amounts of time. Lead time of approximately one year is required for the production of most forbs. Generally, lead times for shrubs and trees are longer. Two to three years may be required to produce a suitably sized woody plant. Time for seed collection, if required, should be factored into the revegetation plan.
9.	The Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC) has a database that tracks rare plants, animals, native plant communities and landscapes. Project managers should consult this database to determine if their project has the potential to affect any of these high priority elements. ANHIC can be reached by calling 780- 427-5209 (Fax: 780 427-5980).

Site considerations
The degree and size of the disturbance, as well as site conditions, are important considerations when deciding what revegetation strategy to use. These guidelines are not intended to replace site specific evaluation and treatment.

For larger scale disturbances, drastically disturbed sites or sites where the risk of accelerated erosion is high, intensive revegetation strategies are recommended. In such cases, revegetation planning may require a phased approach for reaching end land use and native plant community goals. Native or non-native species that are suited to the site conditions can provide interim stabilization, but should be compatible with the long-term establishment of a native plant community.
Where rare or sensitive native plant species and communities are present, and where important wildlife habitat must be conserved, the conservation and use of local native plant materials is extremely important.
Existing wetlands, dominated by sedges, rushes, cattails or sphagnum moss, do not require seeding if the hydrology of the area is not significantly altered by the disturbance. The native vegetation in these areas generally re-establishes on its own from the seed bank or from root material. Man-made wetlands may require the introduction of native plant material from within the same Natural Subregion.
In riparian zones disturbance to native vegetation should be avoided or minimized. Streams, river banks and associated landforms should have native vegetation replaced, including trees and shrubs.
For small disturbances a natural recovery (no seeding) option may be a suitable revegetation strategy, where the following conditions are met: erosion potential is low, the topsoil seedbank was salvaged or the surrounding natural landscape can provide a source of native plant material (usually seed). The potential for problem weed invasion should also be low. It must be understood that the time frame for revegetation success may be longer when using this strategy.

Plant species selection
The use of appropriate plant materials for revegetating natural ecosystems is critical for the successful establishment of a native plant cover. Native species should be selected based on their consistency and compatibility with pre-disturbance plant communities within the Natural Subregion. The use of early successional species or native species that can survive in the altered conditions can be considered in areas where late successional species may be difficult to establish. The use of a particular species should also be technically feasible, economically viable, socially acceptable and consistent with site conditions and approved end land use.

A range of native plant materials (e.g., multiple species, varieties and/or age classes) and/or multiple planting events should be used to achieve plant community diversity.
The plant species should be selected based on their rooting and ground cover characteristics and establishment rate if erosion control is a major objective.
Use higher proportions of short-lived species in the mix when colonization by off-site native species onto the disturbed area is desired.
Limit the use of native plant materials (e.g., grass) that out-compete trees when the revegetation goal is to establish tree cover.
Select native plant materials that fulfill the life-cycle requirements of wildlife species (within the context of the surrounding landscape) when creation of wildlife habitat is a major revegetation objective.
The selection of revegetation species should consider the fact that some species are more palatable than others to livestock or wildlife and may incur over-grazing or over-browsing.

Sourcing native plant material (see Figure 1)
The use of high quality seed is important for ensuring the success of native revegetation projects. Paying attention to seed purity, germination and source can prevent the introduction of undesirable weeds and invasive agronomic species.

The original collection site of native plant material should be as close as possible to the disturbed site (within the same Natural Region). Native plant material collected onsite may be propagated to develop adequate supplies.
If suitable local materials are unavailable, only native plant material from a comparable Natural Region in Canada or the United States should be used.
If the native plant material has not been tested for performance in Alberta, consideration should be given to performance testing or field testing native plant material onsite or removing the source from the revegetation plan.
If a known source of native plant material is not available, consider modifying the revegetation plan or including the use of plant species that will not persist and become a permanent part of the ecosystem.
It is virtually impossible for native seed mixes to be completely contaminant-free. Prior to mixing, a certificate of analysis for each native seed lot must be examined to determine if the seed lot is acceptable (see Appendix D). Native seed lots should be free of prohibited, primary and secondary noxious weeds as defined by the Canada Seeds Act. Native seed lots should also be free of restricted and noxious weeds as designated by the Weed Control Act or by a local municipality.
Seed lots with problem species should not be accepted (see Appendix E) unless their use is consistent with project goals and surrounding land use.
If there is a high level of concern about the presence of a problem species within a seed lot purchasers can request that a seed analysis be conducted on a 100g sample of seed, instead of the usual 25g sample. This increases the assurance from 95% to 99% that an impurity is not present. The seed certificate only reflects the purity of the seed sample and not the seed lot.

Figure 1. Decision-Making Chart: Sourcing Native Plant Material

Supply and demand of native plant materials
Individuals requiring native species for revegetation projects should let suppliers know what they need as early as possible. Some species take up to three years and longer to be made available.

1.	A list of native species that are commercially available or currently being developed for use in revegetation programs can be found in Appendix F. This Appendix also identifies key species that are likely to be developed in Western Canada in the near future. These species were selected based on the following criteria: widest application (across several natural regions) potential for providing erosion control dominant plants in the natural community legumes early successional forbs
2.	Wild harvesting should be done with care to prevent damage to natural communities. When wild harvesting sufficient seed has to be left to allow native plants to propagate themselves and provide food for wildlife. Whole plants should never be removed. Specific guidelines for this activity are contained in Appendix G.
3.	Appendix H is a list of native plant species that are currently available (or are key components of the affected native landscapes and will be available within five years) for revegetating disturbed public land in Alberta. This list should be consulted as a starting point. Other sources of information regarding availability include: the public land manager, seed suppliers and the Alberta Native Plant Council (website: www.anpc.ab.ca).
4.	Appendix I provides specific species information (where it is available) for some common native plants, including: seed size, dormancy, germination and seedling performance. This information assists practitioners in designing seed mixes and deciding upon appropriate seeding rates.

Site preparation
Site preparation is the one of the most important factors in determining the success of revegetation projects. Inadequate preparation is probably the most common reason for failure of revegetation efforts.

Controlling persistent weeds prior to revegetating with native species is critical for ensuring the success of revegetation projects. This may take several years of active control. If forbs, trees or shrubs are planted on a site or recolonization by these plants is desired, care must be taken to use weed control methods that do not have a detrimental effect.
When organic material (e.g., straw) is used on a disturbed site, care must be taken not to introduce undesirable plant species or persistent chemical residues.
Preparing a firm seedbed when drill seeding ensures good soil to seed contact, enhances germination of many native species, and regulates seeding depth.
Creating microsites using equipment that produces ridges and hollows can enhance survival of native plants, particularly in droughty environments.
Use of fertilizers is not recommended as a general practice but should be based on a soils analysis recommendation and the goals for revegetation on the site.
Cereal cover crops are not recommended as a general practice but can be considered on a site specific basis to help prevent erosion, particularly when the introduction of contaminated straw is a concern. However, cover crops compete with native species for both moisture and nutrients. It should also be noted that crops such as oats and barley are attractants to wild and domestic grazing animals.

Seeding and planting
The way that native plant materials are seeded or planted has to consider project goals, intended end land use, previous experiences with proposed methods and specific requirements of the species being used.

Care should be taken to balance revegetation goals, such as erosion control and soil conservation versus desire to have off-site plants colonize the area. Seeding rates should match the project objectives.
Seed placement is dependent on species requirements, soil moisture and texture. Seeding too deep is a common cause of seeding failure. Requirements (e.g., light) for particular species should be investigated.
Plant distribution should simulate off-site occurrence of the species as much as possible. Shrubs, for example, may be planted in clumps depending on the site plan.
Timing of seeding or planting is recommended to take advantage of better moisture conditions to optimize emergence and survival. Some native species require pre-treatments (e.g., stratification, scarification) to enhance germination.
Mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria enhance plants' uptake of nutrients and moisture. The addition of these organisms to disturbed sites may be necessary for the successful establishment of certain native species. Mycorrhizae and rhizobia are usually present in salvaged topsoil.

Management of revegetated areas
Effective management of planted native stands is required to ensure that the vegetation is sustainable. Examples of management strategies may include: controlling unwanted plant species, interim protection of establishing plants and the removal of excess litter or dead plant material.

Restricted or noxious weeds (e.g., Canada thistle, scentless chamomile) are defined in the Weed Control Act (Appendix D) and municipal by-laws. They should be eliminated or controlled using methods that are compatible with the survival of broad-leaved native plants (e.g., spot-spraying, hand weeding).
Non-persistent annual weeds (e.g., stinkweed, flixweed) should only be controlled when densities are judged to affect the establishment of desirable native plants or the integrity of adjacent land use. Annual weeds can be beneficial for catching snow and protecting emerging native plants from grazing.
Supplemental watering may be required for establishment of container native plant material (e.g., trees, shrubs, forbs).
Native plants may need protection from browsing or grazing during the establishment period. Controlled grazing may help to eliminate unwanted plants from the stand.
Grazing, mowing or prescribed burning of the revegetated area may be necessary to retain plant vigor and diversity over time.
Fertilizers may occasionally be required after the establishment period to meet specific plant or site concerns.

Assessing revegetation success
It is important to include a monitoring program to evaluate revegetation success relative to intended use and to adjust revegetation strategies for future projects.

Project planning must incorporate mechanisms for measuring revegetation success. Monitoring is very important. Sharing of assessment results can assist planning for future projects.
The establishment of a desired native plant community may be a lengthy process. The demonstration of a successional trend toward a desired native plant community should be considered when determining the success of a revegetation project.

Future Needs

The successful use of native plants for revegetation must involve the development of key species in commercial quantity and the monitoring of revegetation projects. Through long-term monitoring we will gain knowledge about trends and information that will refine future projects. It is important to share this information through publication, presentations at conferences, etc. Improved technology for propagation, planting and harvesting of native plant materials will also assist plant producers and users.

Plant ecology for many native species, particularly forbs, is poorly understood. Research directed at understanding plant communities and relationships between plant species and their environment will be important. Increased understanding in these areas will help to improve both commercial production of native plant species and their utilization in revegetation projects.
The following are critical areas that require immediate attention:

Development of "source-identified" tags to enhance the movement of appropriate native plant materials into revegetation projects. The Canadian Seed Growers Association needs to be involved with this initiative.
Development of joint government/industry support for a performance evaluation program for native plants from known sources.
Support of on-going native species development programs.
Development of knowledge about successional trends, critical for determination of revegetation success.
Development of rhizobial and mycorrhizal inoculants for those species that require them for successful establishment and survival.

Contacts for Further Information

For public lands:

In the White Area:
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development
Public Lands Division
200, J.G. O'Donoghue Building
7000-113 Street
Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6
Phone: (780) 427-6597 Fax: (780) 422-4244

In the Green Area:
Alberta Environment
Land Administration Division
3rd Floor, 9915-108 Street
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2G8
Phone: (780) 427-3570 Fax: (780) 422-4251

In Special Areas:
Special Areas Board
Box 820
Hanna, Alberta T0J 1P0
Phone: (403) 854-5600 Fax: (403) 854-5527

For private lands:
Alberta Environment
Environmental Sciences Division
4^th Floor, 9820-106 Street
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2J6

Maps

Natural Regions and Subregions of Alberta
Coloured version of this map.

Green and White Areas of Alberta

Glossary

Unless specifically cited, these terms are working definitions for the purpose of this guideline document.

agronomic: introduced annual cereals, forage and turf species.

approved end land use: a planned post-disturbance land use that has been accepted as a condition of approval issued under the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, or otherwise accepted by governing authorities (e.g., municipalities, grazing associations, etc.), land managers and landowners.

biodiversity: the diversity of life in all its forms and all levels of organization (Hunter 1990:7); includes the genetic diversity within a species, the diversity of species within an ecosystem and the diversity of ecosystems within landscapes.

collection site: the geographical location/s of the original site/s from which parent native plant material was collected (prior to field propagation/increase/selection).

cultivar: a plant variety that has undergone genetic selection by plant breeders, has been registered by a certifying agency and is propagated under specific guidelines to maintain its genetic integrity. Generally less variable genetically and phenotypically than native or natural populations.

desired native plant community: a plant community that meets land use and revegetation objectives.
Ecological Reserves: designated under the Wilderness Areas, Ecological Reserves and Natural Areas Act. These are lands selected as representative or special natural landscapes and features of the Province of Alberta. They are protected as examples of functioning ecosystems, gene pools for research, and for education and heritage appreciation purposes. Ecological Reserves are managed to permit natural ecological resources to operate with a minimum of external influence.

ecosystem: a system of living organisms interacting with each other and their environment, linked together by energy flows and material cycling.

ecotype: a local population of a particular species, adapted through natural selection to a particular habitat or geographic location.

ecovars: (a trademark used by Ducks Unlimited) the offspring of native species that have been developed from seed stock collected from specific ecological regions. Selection is done with minor emphasis on improving agronomic characteristics. Ecovars have greater genetic diversity than cultivars.

early successional species: a plant species that appears soon after disturbance in the natural sequence of plant communities and makes way for late successional species.

Green Area: a part of Alberta established in 1948 by Order-in-Council 213/48 consists of unsettled forest lands and covers 50.9 percent of the total area of the province. Public lands in the Green Area are managed primarily for forest production, watershed protection, fish and wildlife management, recreation and other multiple uses.
Permanent settlement, except on legally subdivided lands, as well as agricultural uses other than grazing, have been excluded; see map on page 17. (Alberta Public Lands, 1988)

introduced species: a species that is not native to a particular area.

known source: collection site (the geographical location/s of the original site/s from which parent native plant material was collected, prior to field propagation/increase/selection).

late successional species: a plant species that appears later in the natural sequence of plant communities, preferring an undisturbed environment.

mycorrhiza: many plants form root associations with specific soil fungi. The resulting root-fungal structures are termed mycorrhizas. These associations usually benefit the plant because the fungi allows them greater access to soil nutrients.

native landscapes: landscapes that contain assemblages of plants and plant communities that are native, but have not been substantially altered by man.

native plant community: a plant community that is dominated by native species

native plant material: seeds, rootstocks and other propagative materials from plants that are indigenous to a particular region.

native species: plant species that are indigenous to a particular natural region; they were in that region prior to the time of Euro-American settlement.

Natural Areas: these are designated under the Alberta Public Lands Act or under the Wilderness Areas, Ecological Reserves and Natural Areas Act. They are established to represent special or sensitive natural landscapes and features. These areas allow low intensity recreation and opportunities for nature appreciation and education. They may also allow other uses on a site specific basis.

natural recovery strategy: a revegetation option that involves no addition of native plant material to the site. This type of revegetation depends on the plant materials in the replaced soil and those that recolonize from surrounding areas. This strategy can be enhanced by straw crimping or the planting of annuals to provide interim erosion control.

Natural Regions: the land classification system currently used by the Alberta Government (AEP 1994) that divides the province into units that reflect natural features. The purpose of the system is to account for the entire range of natural landscape or ecosystem diversity in Alberta. The Natural Regions system emphasizes overall landscape pattern and best represents the ecosystem and biodiversity elements of importance to conservation. There are six Natural Regions in Alberta.

Natural Subregion: the six natural regions of Alberta are sub-divided into 20 subregions based on recurring landscape patterns relative to other parts of the natural region.

noxious weed: designated by the Alberta Weed Control Act (1991), requiring control of its spread, growth, ripening or scattering of seed.

organic material: plant or animal residues or derivatives.

performance: the ability of plants to emerge and survive in a particular environment.

performance trials: scientifically designed trials to test emergence and survivability of plants.

problem species: agronomic or designated weed species that disrupt the functioning and structure of native plant communities.

pure living seed (PLS): calculated by multiplying the percent purity times the percent germination.

purity: the percentage of actual seed of the species requested in the seed lot. It is expressed as a per cent pure seed. The weeds, crops seed and inert plant material are accounted for and expressed as a per cent of the seed lot that is not pure seed.

rare plant: 21-100 occurrences, may be rare and local throughout provincial range, or in a restricted provincial range (may be abundant in some locations or may be vulnerable to extirpation because of some factor of its biology). (Lancaster 2000)

revegetation: the establishment of vegetation which replaces original ground cover following land disturbance. (Powter, 1995)

rhizobial bacteria: small heterotrophic bacteria of the genus Rhizobium that fix atmospheric nitrogen through the use of nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. (Powter, 1995)

riparian: of, on, or relating to the banks of a natural course of water. (Hansen et al. 1995)

riparian zone: the interfaces between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Riparian zones are not easily delineated but are comprised of mosaics of landforms, communities and environments within the larger landscape. (Gregory et al. 1991)

seed bank: viable seed and other plant propagules that are found in the soil/thatch layer.

slash: debris left as a result of forest and other vegetation being altered by forestry practices or other land-use activities (e.g., timber harvesting, thinning and pruning, road construction, seismic line clearing). Slash includes materials such as logs, splinters or chips, tree branches and tops, uprooted stumps, and broken or uprooted trees and shrubs. (Dunster and Dunster, 1996)

source identified seed: a term used in the United States denoting seed that is collected from natural stands or testing of the parent population has been made. An inspector verifies the species and a yellow tag is issued to assure the buyer of the source.

Special Places (designated): Special Places is an Alberta government initiative to provide a strategic plan to complete a comprehensive system of protected areas representing the environmental diversity of Alberta's six natural regions and 20 subregions. Designated Special Places are protected areas that are explicitly legislated and managed to preserve significant elements of Alberta's natural heritage.

stratification: a period of cool, moist conditions required for germination.

succession: the natural sequence or evolution of plant communities where each stage is dependent on the preceding one, and on environmental and management factors. (Powter 1995)

successional species (early): a plant species that appears soon after disturbance in the natural sequence of plant communities and makes way for late successional species.

successional species (late): a plant species that appears later in the natural sequence of plant communities, preferring an undisturbed environment.

wetland: an area where the land is saturated by water long enough to promote conditions of poorly drained soils, water-loving vegetation and biological processes suited to wet areas (Beyond Prairie Potholes, Alberta Water Resources, Alberta Environmental Protection).

weed: as defined in Alberta's Weed Control Act or in the Canada Seeds Act.

White Area: the portion of Alberta that is designated for settlement; see the map on page 17.

wild harvest seed: seed that is collected directly from native species populations in the wild.

References and Selected Readings

Alberta Environmental Protection. Beyond prairie potholes. 1993. Alberta Water Resources Commission, Edmonton, Alberta. 15 pp

Dunster, J. and K. Dunster, 1996. Dictionary of natural resource management. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C.
Gerling, H.S., M.G. Willoughby, A. Schoepf, K.E. Tannas and C.A. Tannas. 1996. A guide to using native plants on disturbed lands. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, and Alberta Environmental Protection. ISBN 0-7732-6125-7 247 pp

Green, J.E. and R.E. Salter. 1987. Methods for reclamation of wildlife habitat in the Canadian prairie provinces. Prepared for Environment Canada and Alberta Recreation, Parks and Wildlife Foundation by the Delta Environmental Management Group Ltd. 114 pp

Green, J.E., R.E. Salter and D.G.Walker. 1986. Wildlife habitat requirements and reclamation techniques for the mountains and foothills of Alberta. RRTAC 86-9. 285 pp

Gregory, S.V., F. J. Swanson, W.A.McKee, and K.W. Cummins. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. BioScience Vol. 41 No.8 Pages 540-551.

Hansen et al, 1995. Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites. Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. University of Montana. Miscellaneous Publications No. 54. 485 pp. plus

Appendices.
Lancaster, J. 2000. Guidelines for rare plant survey. Alberta Native Plant Council.

Powter, C.B. (Compiler). 1995. Glossary of reclamation terms used in Alberta - 5^th edition. Alberta Conservation and Reclamation Management Group Report No. RRTAC OF-1A.

Thurber Consultants Ltd., Land Resources Network Ltd., and Norwest Soil Research Ltd. 1990. Review of the effects of storage on topsoil quality. Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council Report No. RRTAC 90-5. 116 pp The contents of this page are no longer available.

For more information about the content of this document, contact Gordon Hutton.
This document is maintained by Stacey Tames.
This information published to the web on December 10, 2001.
Last Reviewed/Revised on November 20, 2006.