Drought Indexes: Palmer Drought Index (PDI, PDSI, PHDI), and Enhancements)

 
 
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Agricultural drought. 1994. Chapter 16, Section 16.5, IN Handbook of Agricultural Meteorology. Editor John F. Griffiths, Pp.170-173. New York: Oxford University Press.

Meteorological indices of agricultural drought. 1994. IN Chapter 16, Section 16.5--Agricultural drought of the Handbook of Agricultural Meteorology. Section 16.5.1, p.170. Editor John F. Griffiths. New York: Oxford University Press.

Akinremi, O. O., S. M. McGinn, and A. G. Barr. 1996. Evaluation of the Palmer Drought index on the Canadian prairies. Journal of Climate [Boston, MA : American Meteorological Society] 9, no. 5  May: 897-905.

Alley, W. M. 1985. Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index series comment. Journal of Hydrology [Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishers] 80, no. 1/2  (Sept.15): 179-85.

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Jones, Kenneth H. 1988. Drought on the prairies. Regina, SK: Atmospheric Environment Service. Published IN: Symposium on the impacts of climatic change and variability on the Great Plains. Editor Geoffrey Wall, [Proceedings]. University of Waterloo, Dept. of Geography, 1991: 125-130.

Bhalme, H. N., and D. A. Mooley. 1980. On the performance of modified Palmer Index Drought conditions, India. Hydrological aspects of droughts : International symposium, 3-7 December 1979, New Delhi : Proceedings. Session 3. Trends and Prediction of Droughts, pp. 373-383. New Delhi, India: Indian National Committee for IHP, CSIR, and Indian Institute of Technology.

Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and National Research Council Canada, Associate Committee on Hydrology, Canadian Hydrology Symposium. 1986. Drought: the impending crisis?  CHS:86 -- Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrology Symposium No.16 3-6 June, 1986 in Regina, Saskatchewan // Proceedings of the 20th Annual Congress, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. Regina, SK: CMOS.

Cook, E. R., D. M. Meko, D. W. Stahle, and M. K. Cleaveland. 1999. Drought reconstructions for the continental United States. Journal of Climate 12, no. 4 (Aug): 1145-62.

Dracup, J. A., T. C. Piechota, and C. S. Khachikian. 1995. The hydroclimatology of the United States during El Nino/Southern Oscillation. Proceedings of the Conference on Water Resources and Environmental Hazards: Emphasis on Hydrologic and Cultural Insight in the Pacific Rim, Honolulu, HI (USA), 25-28 Jun 1995. Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association.

Easterling, W. E., S. A. Isard, P. Warren, P. Guinan, and M. Shafer. 1988. Improving the detection of agricultural drought: A case study of Illinois corn production. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology [AFMEEB] 43, no. 1 (June): 37-47.

Felch, R. E., and N. J. Rosenberg. 1978. Drought: Characteristics and assessment. Chapter 2 IN  North American droughts -- AAAS Selected Symposia. Editor Norman J. Rosenberg, American Association for the Advancement of Sciences. Vol. 15 (1978): 25-42.

Fieldhouse, D. J., and W. C. Palmer. 1965. "Meteorological and agricultural drought." IN The Climate of the Northeast: Meteorological and agricultural drought, Agricultural Experiment Station-Newark, Delaware Bulletin 353. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware, Agricultural Experiment Station.

Guttman, Nathaniel B. 1991. A Sensitivity analysis of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Water Resources Bulletin 27, no. 5 (Oct): 797-807.

Guttman, Nathaniel B., and American Water Resources Association. 1998. Comparing the Palmer Drought Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index. Journal of the American Water Resources Association [Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association] 34, no. 1 (Feb): 113-21.

Guttman, Nathaniel B., James R. Wallis, and J. R. M. Hosking. 1992. Spatial comparability of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Water Resources Bulletin 28, no. 6 (Dec): 1111-19.

Havens, A. V., W. B. Snow, J. L. Horowitz, and C. S. Liu. 1968. Drought frequency, intensity, and duration: Its correlation to streamflow and its impact upon synthetic hydrology. Technical Report on Project No. 27-4516. New Brunswick, NJ: New Jersey Office of Water Resources Research.

Hayes, M. 2002. Drought indexes // Drought indices. 9 Pp. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska.

Hayes, Michael J., Mark D. Svoboda, William J. Waltman, Steve Goddard, and Ken G. Hubbard. 2002. Monitoring droughts with improved drought index resolution. Session 8.2 IN 13th Conference on Applied Meteorology, 13-16 May 2002.

Heddinghaus, T. R., J. E. Janowiak, and R. P. Motha. 1987. Survey of various techniques used for drought assessment. IN Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Pp.49-54. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.

Heddinghaus, T. R., and P. Sabol. 1991. A Review of the Palmer Drought Severity Index and where do we go from here? IN Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Pp.242-246. American Meteorological Society.

Hopkinson, R. F. 2000. "Palmer drought index [Slide 16 of 43; for grid 25, 19 just west of Regina] and Environment Canada Palmer Drought Index [Slide 17 of 43 ] for November 1999 - New Procedure." Water resources and climate change: Planning for the abnormal [Powerpoint Slide Presentation] Regina, SK: Meteorological Service of Canada.

Hu, Qi, and G. D. Willson. 2000. Effects of temperature anomalies on the Palmer Drought Severity Index in the central United States. International Journal of Climatology 20, no. 15 (Dec.): 1899-911.

Hutchinson, Ian. 2000. "Drought indices." [Slide 3 of 40 IN Powerpoint Slide Presentation titled] Drought and Wildfires. Google search, 2001-12-28." [Web page] (Ref: www.sfu.ca/~ianh/geog312/lectures/droughts/sld003.htm) - 2k. Accessed December 28, 2001.

Johnson, Douglas H., American Geophysical Union, Aiguo Dai, and Kevin E. Trenberth. 1998. Global variations in droughts and wet spells, 1900-1995 [computer file]. Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 17 (Sept): 3367-3370.

Jones, Kenneth H. 1989. Drought on the Prairies. Regina, SK: Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service. [Manuscript] 23pp.

---. 1991. Drought on the Prairies. IN Symposium on the impacts of climatic change and variability on the Great Plains. Editor Geoffrey Wall, [Proceedings] Pp.125-130. University of Waterloo, Dept. of Geography.

---. 1984. An Evaluation of the Palmer Drought Index in Southern Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Report CSS-R84-01. Regina, SK: Atmospheric Environment Service.
Karl, Thomas R. 1986. The Sensitivity of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and Palmer's Z-index to their calibration coefficients including potential evapotranspiration. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 25: 77-86.

---. 1983. Some spatial characteristics of drought duration in the United States. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22, no. 8 (Aug): 1356-1366.
Karl, Thomas R., and R. W. Knight. 1985. Atlas of monthly Palmer Hydrological Drought Indices (1931-1983) for the contiguous United States. Historical Climatology Series 3-7 [out of print]. Asheville, NC: National Climatic Data Center; NOAA; National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service.

Karl, Thomas R., and A. J. Koscienlny. 1982. Drought in the United States, 1895-1981. Journal of Climatology 1, no. 2: 313-329.

Kim, S. M., and S. W. Park. 2001. Comparison of drought indices on major weather stations in Korea. ASAE Conference [Proceedings], 9-12 July 2000 in Milwaukee, WI. ASAE Paper no.2017: 1-12.

Koshida, Grace. 2002. "Climate change scenarios for Extreme Events -- Ongoing research project of Adaptation and Impacts Research (AIR) Group, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada." [Web page] (Ref. www.utoronto.ca/env/ies/airg.htm) . Accessed Jan.15, 2002.

Le Comte, Douglas. 2002. Associations between the Palmer Drought Index and various atmospheric and oceanic indices. Session 8.14 IN Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Applied Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, 13-16 May 2002.

Lohani, V. K., and G. V. Loganathan. 1997. An Early warning system for drought management using the Palmer Drought Index. Journal of the American Water Resources Association [Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association] 33, no. 6 (Dec): 1375-1386.

Lohani, V. K., G. V. Loganathan, and S. Mostaghimi. 1998. Long-term analysis and short-term forecasting of dry spells by Palmer Drought Severity Index. Nordic Hydrology 29, no. 1: 21-40.

Louie, Paul Y. T. 1994. Droughts. Prepared for the Proceedings of a workshop on improving responses to atmospheric extremes: The Role of insurance and compensation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 3-4, 1994. Canadian National Committee for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR, of the UN's Scientific and Technical Committee) and the Climate Program Board (of Canada). [Web site] (Ref. www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/airg/doc/louie.html) - 18k. Accessed December 28, 2001.

---. 1986. An Operational drought severity index program for Canadian synoptic stations. IN Proceedings of Canadian Hydrology Symposium No.16 -- CHS16 in Regina, SK. Pp. 101-112. [Ottawa, ON]: National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee on Hydrology.

Mather, John Russel. 1985. Drought indices for water managers. Elmer, NJ: C.W. Thornthwaite Associates, Laboratory of Climatology.

McDonald, N. S. 1984. Palmer Index, N.S.W. Meteorological Districts 1913-1982, The Australian National University, Dept. of Geography, Occasional Paper No.10.

McGinn, S. M., O. O. Akinremi, A. G. Barr, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Nat Christie Foundation, and University of Lethbridge. 1995. "Response of drought and agroclimatic indices to a regional change in climate." The Impacts of climate variability on agricultural sustainability in Alberta -- [Final research report to the Nat Christie Foundation]. Lethbridge, AB: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Mouat, D., J. Lancaster, T. Wade, J. Wickham, C. Fox, W. Kepner, and T. Ball. 1997. Desertification evaluated using an integrated environmental assessment model. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 48, no. 2: 139-156.

National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 2002. A "Historical look at the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)". 1p. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska.

Newman, J. E. 1987. "Palmer Index." IN The Encyclopedia of Climatology. Editors J. E. Oliver and R. W. Fairbridge, Pp.682-683. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Nkemdirim, Lawrence. 1996. "Palmer Drought Severity Index." IN Encyclopedia of Science. 10p. London, UK: Academic Press.

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Nkemdirim, Lawrence, and Lena Weber. 1999. Comparison between the droughts of the 1930s and the 1980s in the southern prairies of Canada. Journal of Climate [Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society] 12, no. 8, pt.1 (Aug): 2434-2450.

Oladipo, Emmanuel O. 1985. A Comparative performance analysis of three meteorological drought indexes. Journal of Climatology [Royal Meteorological Society] 5: 655-664.

---. 1982. "On the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in the interior plains of North America -- A statistical analysis." Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Geography.

Padmanabhan, G., and A. R. Rao. 1980. Stochastic characterisation of long-term oscillations in Palmer's Drought Index series. Hydrological aspects of droughts: International symposium, 3-7 December 1979, New Delhi: Proceedings. Session 3. Trends and Prediction of Droughts, Pp.283-293. New Delhi, India: Indian National Committee for IHP, CSIR and Indian Institute of Technology.

Palmer, Wayne C. 1965. A Crop Moisture Index (CMI); Supplemental appendix to Research Paper No. 45, US-DC Weather Bureau. Washington, DC: USGPO.

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Palmer, Wayne C., and Lyle M. Denny. 1971. Drought bibliography Silver Spring, MD: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data Service.

Quiring, Steven M., and Timothy N. Papakryiakou. 2002. A Comparative performance analysis of agricultural drought indices for the Canadian Prairies. Presentation at Session 318 of:  Proceedings of the 2002 Annual meeting of the Canadian Association of Geographers, May 29 – June 1, 2002 // Congrčs annuel de l'ACG. Geoscience Canada: Proceedings of the Geological Association of Canada. 0072-1034.

Rao, A. R., and G. Padmanabhan. 1984. Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index (PDI) series [for Iowa, 1930-1962, and Kansas, 1887-1962]. Journal of  Hydrology [Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific] 68, no. 1/4 (Feb): 211-229.

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Sakamoto, C. M. 1978. The Z-index as a variable for crop yield estimation. Agricultural Meteorology 19: 305-314.

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Soule, P. T. 1992. Spatial patterns of drought frequency and duration of the contiguous USA -- Based on multiple
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Stahle, D. W., and M. K. Cleaveland. 1988. Texas drought history reconstructed and analyzed from 1698 to 1980. Journal of Climate 1, no. 1 (Jan): 59-74.

United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [as published on STATpub.com Web site]. 2001. Long term USA Palmer Drought Index [link to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center -- "Drought Severity Index by Division, Weekly Value for Period Ending ...  Long Term Palmer"].

Wilhite, Donald, National Drought Mitigation Center, International Drought Information Center, University of
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Weber, Lena, and Lawrence Nkemdirim. 1996. "Drought dynamics in the Southern Canadian Prairies" Ph.D. thesis. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary, Department of Geography.

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This information published to the web on November 15, 2002.
Last Reviewed/Revised on January 22, 2015.