In the past, livestock were turned out to pasture and allowed to walk through and drink from any slough, creek, river or lake available to them. When these water sources were not available, dugouts were constructed.

Today, allowing livestock direct access to surface water sources is a concern to livestock producers and to other water users. The practice is also problematic for the livestock itself.

Livestock producers want to provide a safe, reliable supply of good quality water for their livestock. Many producers want to increase their management to better utilize their pastures for livestock production. Livestock producers, like other water users, want to do their part to protect both natural and constructed water sources from environmental damage. In addition, observing livestock behaviour around water sources and on pasture provides information about livestock concerns and preferences.

Direct Watering Problems

Allowing livestock direct access to surface water sources has led to a number of problems:

Environmental problems:

damage to banks of streams and dugouts
siltation problems in spawning areas for fish
loss of riparian habitat and vegetation
loss of water storage in dugouts and streams
nutrient build-up in both the source and downstream water bodies
rapid growth of weeds and algae
deterioration in water quality

Herd health problems:

increased exposure to water-transmitted diseases, bacteria, virus and cysts infections
blue green algae toxins
foot rot
leg injuries
stress
death by drowning or being stuck in mud
reduced rates of gain

Poor pasture utilization:

poor nutrient transfer caused by an accumulation of manure at the water source
overgrazing near the water source

Pasture Water System Trials

Both poor access to water and poor water quality can affect livestock behavior and production on pasture. In a pasture trial, however, it is extremely difficult to isolate what, how and when these factors become significant. There are so many variables in the cattle, the pasture grass, the water source and water quality.

Some pasture studies have shown a significant increase in cattle production where water was pumped to them versus direct watering from dugouts. Other studies have shown little or no improvement in livestock production. The studies have all shown that although cattle prefer that good quality water be pumped to them, versus direct watering from a dugout, their behavior is not consistent.

For instance, some studies have shown that cattle, given a choice of clean well water versus dirty dugout water, will drink more clean well water one day and do the opposite the next day. This complexity aside, the combined benefits of pasture water systems strongly support keeping cattle out of water.

Pasture Water Systems Benefits

The benefits of a well planned and constructed pasture water system include:

water source protection, thus longer water source life
improved herd health
increased livestock production, in some situations
better pasture utilization
riparian protection and, thus, a more environmentally friendly livestock industry

Where livestock are allowed direct access for watering, the loss in dugout water storage and additional maintenance costs range from $200 to $500 per year for an average pasture dugout.

Pasture Water System Options

Today, a variety of livestock watering methods are available to suit any type of pasture and location. The power options to move water to livestock include solar, wind, fuel, stream flow, mainline electricity and gravity flow. Selecting the most appropriate one can be a challenge.

Establish a list of priorities and try to use some of the natural advantages of the site and equipment. Factors to consider:

type and location of available water source(s)
site location(s) and conditions (remote location, topography, riparian features)
type of grazing system (intensive or extensive)
number of livestock
access to power source (mainline power, solar, wind, animals, etc.)
pumping system (amount of lift, automated versus manual)
flexible and portable
reliability and maintenance
temporary or seasonal water storage
cost/benefit and cost/animal
personal preference

Livestock watering alternatives

Access ramps
An access ramp is the minimum improvement that can be made to a water source (Figure 1a & b). Ramps are most appropriate for large herds of livestock in remote locations (i.e., rangeland pastures) where animals are seldom checked or moved. The reinforced ramps provide better footing for livestock drinking from dugouts, sloughs and streams where soft soils (e.g., peat) exist.

These ramps require a relatively low slope of 5 to 6 feet for every foot of drop. Simply lay down a strip of crushed road gravel preferably with sizes from 1« inch diameter down to 10 to 15 percent fines. The gravel layer should be a minimum of 1 foot thick. Start the gravel layer 10 to 15 feet back from the water's edge and continue down below the lowest water level of the dugout. A small caterpillar or 4-wheel drive tractor is used to compact the gravel.

In soft soil conditions, a plastic polygrid or geogrid should be placed under the gravel to provide added support. The material comes in 3 or 4 metre wide rolls and can be overlapped for wider ramps.

The water source is usually fenced off, so livestock can only drink from the access ramp. However, some producers have found that fencing is not necessary because once the cattle have convenient access to water, with good footing, they will water almost exclusively from the ramp.

Pasture Water Systems for Livestock

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Figure 1a. Cross Section view of access ramp

Figure 1b. Plan view of access map

Water hauling
Although it may seem like a step back in time, water hauling can be a viable alternative. In intensive livestock grazing management, cattle are sometimes moved daily from pasture to pasture. Access to water is often the limiting factor. By utilizing an old truck with a main storage tank and an easily-moved stock tank, the watering source can be continuously relocated throughout the pasture along with the cattle. The nutrients from the manure are more evenly distributed and are kept on the same field.

Water storages
Alternative energy powered water pumping systems (including fuel, solar and wind powered systems) all require water storage. The water storage tanks or reservoirs provide the necessary livestock water between pumping cycles. Most are raised above the stock tank to allow for the gravity flow of water. They are generally sized to hold a three to seven day supply of water for cattle. For sizing the water storage, the following cattle water consumption rates are recommended for cattle on pasture:

yearling steers or heifers - 8 gallons per day
cow-calf pairs - 12 gallons per day

Note: These are average water consumption rates for cattle on pasture. On hot summer days, peak water consumption can reach 1.5 times these numbers.

Water storages can be made from almost anything as long as they safely store water at a reasonable cost. The most common are plastic, fiberglass, concrete or metal tanks, elevated earthen reservoirs, grain bin rings, large rubber tires, or large stock watering tanks. The cost of water storages ranges from about 5 cents per gallon to over $1.00 per gallon. The lowest cost water storage (5 to 10 cents per gallon) is the elevated earthen reservoir (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Elevated earthen reservoir with woven polyethlene line

Figure 2. Elevated earthen reservoir with woven polyethlene line

Gravity-fed systems
Gravity-fed systems are ideal systems on sloping pasture land where it is possible to locate a dugout or dam up slope from a watering site. A pipeline can then be run from the dugout down slope into a stock tank. As a rule, the water level in the dugout should be at least 5 feet higher than the stock tank plus 1 foot additional height for every 100 feet of pipeline to the stock tank (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Gravity-fed system

Figure 3. Gravity-fed system

Gravity-fed systems can also be used for springs where there is sufficient elevation drop to the stock tank. On long, undulating and/or steep drops, extra care should be taken to avoid leaks or air blockages. Consult a knowledgeable contractor or consultant if unsure.

Pumped gravity flow reservoirs
These reservoirs are generally constructed by digging a small reservoir on top of the excavated dirt piles from a dugout (similar to Figure 2). A standard backhoe can construct these in a few hours. The reservoir is then lined with a woven polyethylene liner to prevent seepage and to keep the water clear. The reservoir bottom must be higher than the top of the stock tank. This approach will provide adequate gravity flow from the reservoir through the water line and float valve assembly and into the stock tank (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Pumped gravity flow reservoirs

Figure 4. Pumped gravity flow reservoirs

Selecting the proper size water line and a high capacity, low pressure float valve are also important to ensure adequate flow rates. Table 1 shows the dimensions, water volumes and costs for a typical elevated earthen reservoir.

Table 1. Elevated earthen reservoir water volume and costs

Reservoir Dimensions (ft) Length x Width x Depth		Approximate Water Volume	Estimated Costs of Reservoir & Plastic Liner
Top	Bottom	(Imperial Gallons)
25 x 15 x 5	15 x 5 x 5	5,000	$350
35 x 15 x 5	25 x 5 x 5	10,000	$500
40 x 20 x 5	30 x 10 x 5	15,000	$650
45 x 20 x 5	35 x 10 x 5	20,000	$800
45 x 25 x 5	35 x 15 x 5	25,000	$1,000
45 x 45 x 5	35 x 35 x 5	50,000	$2,000

Note: The woven polyethlene liner used for estimating costs is 31 cents per square foot. Reservoir water volumes are calculated using side and end slopes of 1:1.

Animal operated pasture pumps
These pasture pumps are commonly called nose pumps because cattle operate them by pushing them with their noses (Figure 5). The pump provides a very low cost (i.e., $10/cow-calf pair) pumping system and is good for about 30 to 40 cow-calf pairs.

There are five or six types of nose pumps being sold in Alberta, including one frost free pump that is suitable for winter use. Some of the pumps are slightly easier to push than others. They all supply approximately 1 litre of water for every stroke of the nose device. The pumps can lift water a maximum of 20 vertical feet and, with the use of a shallow buried pipeline, can also be offset a quarter of a mile or more from the water source. Minimizing the amount of elevation lift from the water makes it easier for cows and calves to operate the pump. Shallow burial of the pipeline is recommended once the best locations for the pumps have been determined.

Figure 5. Nose pump

Figure 5. Nose pump

These pasture pumps are very reliable and easy to move from pasture to pasture. However, the cattle will take a day or so to learn how to operate the pump. This training period is done best at the farmyard after calving and before the cows go out on pasture. Small calves will generally not learn to operate the pumps until they are about 300 pounds. There are several options to overcome this problem. One is to fill a stock tank with water where only calves have access. Another option is to collect some of the water pumped by the cows into a small tub or stock tank for the calves to drink.

Pipelines
Shallow buried pipelines are ideal for farms with a very intensive rotational grazing system within a one mile distance of existing water and mainline power. Pipelines allow livestock producers to better utilize their water source (i.e., usually a well or dugout) rather than constructing many small dugouts scattered around the pastures. They are very flexible systems, and watering sites can be located at the preferred location rather than where a dugout will fill from runoff.

For shallow burial (approximately one foot deep) of the pipeline, some producers are using a ripper type plough mounted on the three-point hitch of a tractor (Figure 6). A 1-inch diameter plastic pipe can be installed for about 50 cents per foot. It is important to design the system properly to ensure the right combination of pipe size and stock tank. For more information on pipeline systems, refer to the pipeline worksheet on Alberta Agriculture's web site.

Figure 6. Pasture pipeline plough

Figure 6. Pasture pipeline plough

Some producers are also using deeply buried pipelines in several of their pastures close to home. They can then use these pastures year round for pasture as well as for feeding, bedding, calving and weaning areas. This approach helps to reduce animal disease problems as well as manure hauling and spreading costs.

Caution: It is very important to phone Alberta First Call to identify the location of shallow buried utility lines before any trenching is done. In future, shallow buried pipeline systems will likely become more popular because of their many advantages and due to the shift to more intensive grazing systems.

Gas powered pumping systems
These systems are a low cost alternative for pumping water to larger herds of livestock. They work well in combination with an elevated reservoir system, containing about one week's water storage. The pumps are very portable and can be moved easily from one water source to the next (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Automated gas powered generator system

Figure 7. Automated gas powered generator system

Some producers are using a gas powered generator to run a submersible well or dugout pump. These systems can be automated to start on a float switch device located in a stock tank or reservoir. Both pumps and generators can be used for other purposes on the farm. These systems can be sized to pump a large volume of water from dugouts or even deep wells.

Solar powered pumping systems
Solar systems are becoming more popular because of their reliability and low maintenance. They can be used to pump water from dugouts and wells. An array of solar panels collect and convert sunshine into electrical energy, which can be used to pump water or be stored by rechargeable batteries (Figure 8). Due to the variation in sunshine intensity, a minimum of three days water or battery storage is required.

Figure 8. Solar powered pumping system

Figure 8. Solar powered pumping system

For the solar direct systems without batteries, it is important to match the solar panel's output (in watts) to the power requirements of the pump for maximum efficiency. For solar systems with batteries, it is important to select good quality deep cycle type batteries (e.g., recreation vehicle type). It is also important to install electrical controls that have both low and high voltage disconnects. These protect the battery from under or over charging conditions, which will drastically reduce battery life. Obviously, a sunny spot is desired for these systems, but also choose a location that is not in plain view and is sheltered from high winds.

Solar powered systems have the added advantage of pumping the most water on hot sunny days when cattle are drinking lots of water. Excess power can be used to energize an electric fence for the pasture. Although the initial costs of this system are somewhat higher than for others, they will last for many years. The portability of the solar pumping system is another advantage.

Wind powered pumping systems
Windmills perform best in areas that have higher than average wind speeds, such as the southern parts of the prairie provinces. For central and northern areas of the prairies, where wind speeds are lower, consider adding additional water storage such as an elevated earthen reservoir.

Windmills can be used to pump from dugouts and wells. Windmills should be placed on higher ground where they have good exposure to the wind, such as the excavated dirt pile from a dugout. Also, locate them away from trees as far as possible - at least 15 to 20 times the height of the trees (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Wind powered pumping system

Figure 9. Wind powered pumping system

There are presently two windmills that can be used for both dugout water pumping and dugout aeration. The initial costs of the system are somewhat high, but most of the windmill systems are very reliable and will last for many years. The windmill system should have at least three days of water storage. Be prepared to use an alternate pumping method or haul water during prolonged calm periods.

See Comparison of Livestock Watering Systems (Table 2) for further information on these systems.

Optional pumps
Other pumps used to convey from the source to livestock are:

hydraulic ram pumps*
sling pumps*
paddle pumps*
air compressor pumps

* These are water pumps that require flowing water to operate and, as a result, have limited use in Alberta.

Groundwater sources
In parts of the Canadian Prairies, surface water does not provide a dependable source of water for livestock. The lack of surface water runoff and/or porous soils for storing water are a huge challenge. In these areas, producers drill wells and pump water into stock tanks, large water storages or dugouts for their livestock. For remote locations, gas pumps or animal operated (nose) pumps can be used for shallow wells of 20 feet lift or less. Wind and solar powered systems can be designed for deeper wells (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Solor powered well system

Figure 10. Solor powered well system

Often, the most viable alternative is a portable generator and submersible pump running water into an earthen reservoir and/or stock tank. Generator systems can also be automated, similar to the remote starting devices for automobiles. In this situation, a float switch is located in the reservoir or stock tank. The float switch starts the generator and pump when the reservoir tank is low and shuts it off when it is full.

In the future, it is expected that livestock producers will rely much more on groundwater for their pasture water systems because of its availability and generally better water quality for livestock production. Improved pumping systems will also play an important role in the use of groundwater.

Winterizing pasture water systems
In the last few years, some producers have installed winterized pasture water systems. The reasons for these systems include:

extending the pasture grazing season
lack of water at the farmyard site
winter feeding of cattle on pasture to reduce manure hauling costs
provide increased flexibility for separating cattle at weaning and calving times
to prevent manure build-up in the calving areas
animal health problems associated with all of these

With the proper planning and design, almost all the pasture water systems can be modified and used through the winter.

Table 2. Comparison of Livestock Watering Systems

Livestock watering practice	Impact on water source and livestock	Cost factor (1999 prices)
Direct access	5 - 10% loss in water storage/year deterioration in water quality animal health and production concerns environmental concerns along streams, etc.	dugout construction costs high dugout maintenance – $150 - 300/year
Restricted access ramp	marginal loss in water storage reduced water quality, animal health and production concerns	$500 to fence and construct ramp moderate dugout maintenance costs – $100/year $.75/ft2 without geotextile $1.00/ft2 with geotextile
Water hauling	same comments as for pipeline	system and hauling cost
Gravity-fed	no loss in water storage no negative effect on water quality, animal health and production concerns	system cost low maintenance costs for dugouts/dam – $50/year
Pumped gravity flow water reservoirs (built on top of the excavated spoil piles)	slight increase in water storage no negative effect on water quality, animal health and production	$2,500 - $3,000 to fence, construct and line the reservoir, plus purchase a 5-hp gas pump, 500 gallon stock tank, water pipe and install a cement pad around the tank
Animal operated pasture pumps	no loss in water storage no negative effect on water quality, animal health and production two-day training period for livestock to learn pump operation cattle water consumption is significantly less in winter than in summer. In winter, the pump will be able to handle twice as many animals as in the summer	$700 to fence and purchase pump ($450 ea.) maximum of 30 - 40 cow-calf pairs/pump low maintenance costs for dugout and pump $50/year frost free nose pumps will cost $2000 to $2500 to purchase and install (pump is approximately $1000)
Pipeline	no negative effect on water quality, animal health and production	$.50 - $1.00 per lined foot pipe can be buried shallow for summer pasture and drained in the fall allow the use of neighbouring sources of water wells, dugouts, etc.
Solar pumping systems	slight increase in water storage no negative effect on water quality, animal health or production	$3,000 - $6,000 to fence and install the solar pump, solar panels, optional battery, water storage stock tank and cement pad capacity of 50 - 400 cow-calf pairs
Windmills	slight increase in water storage no negative effect on water quality, animal health or production some air-operated pumps actually improve dugout water quality by aeration must pump the water storage full during extended periods of calm weather	$2,000 - $2,500 to set up Koenders windmill and air-operated pump, plus a 1200 gallon plastic water tank, 500 gallon stock tank, cement pad and pipe capacity (at approx. 10 ft lift) for 50 cow-calf pairs in central Alberta, up to 100 cow-calf pairs in windy southern Alberta $3,500 - $4,000 to fence and set up Dutch Industries – Delta Junior windmill, plus 1,200 gallon plastic water tank, 500 gallon stock tank and water pipe capacity (at approx. 10 ft lift) is estimated to be 200 cow-calf pairs in central Alberta and 400 cow-calf pairs in southern Alberta moderate maintenance of dugout and system $100 - $150/year

Note: Dugout maintenance will mainly involve chemical control of plant algae plus excavation costs for cleaning dugouts where direct access occurs.

Summary

No matter the size of a livestock watering system, proper planning and design play an important role. A good installation cannot compensate for an inadequate water source. Good quality water and quantity are both vital. Off-stream livestock watering systems are also an important tool in protecting riparian areas. Table 2 is a brief summary outlining the pros and cons for the livestock watering options mentioned in this publication.

The Alberta Farm Machinery Research Centre (AFMRC) is involved in testing solar and wind powered water pumping systems for equipment manufacturers. For more information and reports on their work, please contact the AFMRC office in Lethbridge at (403) 329-1212.

For further information on all types of livestock watering systems, contact the Agricultural Water Specialists with Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development at the following locations:

Lethbridge (403) 381-5846
Red Deer (403) 340-5324
Grande Prairie (780) 538-5606
Edmonton (780) 422-5000

Or at our website: www.agric.gov.ab.ca

Source: Agdex 400/716-3. Revised May 2003. The contents of this page are no longer available.

This document is maintained by Ada Serafinchon.
This information published to the web on May 1, 2003.